Glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity induced beta-cell apoptosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disorder of impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia. In addition to hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia is a characteristic feature of T2DM. Progressive deterioration of beta-cell mass and function are the core pathogenic mechanisms underlying diabetes. Persistent hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are the major factors for loss of pancreatic beta-cell mass through apoptosis. Glucose is a key physiological regulator of insulin secretion and small changes in glucose concentration exceeding the physiological range induces the pro-apoptotic signals including endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. In T2DM, 25Int J Anal Bio-Sci Vol. 3, No 4 (2015)